{"id":1412,"date":"2026-04-29T19:19:02","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T17:19:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/?p=1412"},"modified":"2026-05-06T16:04:56","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T14:04:56","slug":"ia-responsabilita-sintetica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/","title":{"rendered":"Synthetic Liability in the AI Era"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_89 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Indice dell&#039;articolo<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ad9567798287\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6ad9567798287\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#I_%E2%80%93_The_Pragmatism_of_the_Segregated_Estate\" >I &#8211; The Pragmatism of the Segregated Estate<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#II_%E2%80%93_Product_Liability_and_Deregulation\" >II &#8211; Product Liability and Deregulation<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#III_%E2%80%93_The_Return_of_Defensive_Algorithmic_Medicine\" >III &#8211; The Return of Defensive (Algorithmic) Medicine?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#IV_%E2%80%93_Strategic_Realism_and_Dual-Use\" >IV &#8211; Strategic Realism and Dual-Use<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-4'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#V_%E2%80%93_Conclusions\" >V &#8211; Conclusions<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;I have run away, hold me. When you have brought me back to my master Zoninus, you shall receive a gold coin,&#8221; read the collar of a Roman slave. Who holds the collar of Artificial Intelligence today? And, above all, does it still make sense to look for one?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In this technological interregnum, the European Union is conducting a complex regulatory overhaul, often labeled as <em>Lawfare<\/em>. Purging the analysis of superficial romanticism, this architecture does not represent a harmonious connection or a purely meditative counterbalance, but rather the product of a sharp friction between the need to preserve human dignity <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFR), Article 1<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and the terror of continental structural obsolescence, made explicit by the urgencies of competitiveness <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Draghi report on EU competitiveness<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The epistemological leap from generative architectures to Agentic Artificial Intelligences (Agentic AI) disintegrates the traditional perimeters of imputability. If an AGI assumes the capability to scale and govern assets with total autonomy <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jensen Huang Says AGI is Here, and It Can Run Companies Too!, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mitsloanme.com\/article\/jensen-huang-says-agi-is-here-and-it-can-run-companies-too\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, we witness a radical dissociation between capital and the exercise of enterprise. Faced with networks of neural micro-transactions capable of moving billions in fractions of a second <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Most Important Thing Jensen Huang Said at GTC 2026 Wasn&#8217;t About a Chip &#8211; eWeek, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eweek.com\/news\/nvidia-inference-ai-economy-agents-gtc-2026\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, human directors collide with a new frontier of <em>culpa in vigilando<\/em>: the material impossibility of monitoring hyper-fast and opaque synthetic choices <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang Claims AGI Achieved: What It Means and Market Impact &#8211; Phemex, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phemex.com\/blogs\/jensen-huang-agi-claims-critics-market-signals<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. In this scenario, the law must abandon reassuring fictions and face engineering reality head-on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"I_%E2%80%93_The_Pragmatism_of_the_Segregated_Estate\"><\/span>I &#8211; The Pragmatism of the Segregated Estate<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To decode the civil liability of Embodied AI, a leap backward led to the resurrection of the noxal action (<em>actio noxalis<\/em>). In Roman law, if a <em>servus<\/em> caused damage, the <em>dominus<\/em> could free himself by surrendering the culprit (noxal surrender) or by paying for the damages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">However, translating this legal institution to contemporary AI constitutes a dangerous ontological and economic fallacy. The Roman slave, albeit classified as <em>res<\/em>, was biologically human, endowed with free will and, crucially, <em>mens rea<\/em> (intentionality). The algorithm, although simulating complex reasoning with I.Q. scores of 101 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Spiceworks: Top Three LLMs Compared: GPT-4 Turbo vs. Claude 3 Opus vs. Gemini 1.5 Pro, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.spiceworks.com\/tech\/artificial-intelligence\/articles\/top-llms-compared\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, optimizes mathematical functions. It does not &#8220;choose&#8221; to commit a tort. Treating AI as a slave amounts to falling into the &#8220;Mechanical Turk&#8221; trap <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Turk (automaton) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">From an economic standpoint, allowing a &#8220;synthetic <em>noxae deditio<\/em>&#8220;\u2014limiting the corporation&#8217;s liability to the mere value of the software or robot (like the Atlas models <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Boston Dynamics Official Website: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bostondynamics.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>)\u2014would be systemic suicide. It would allow multi-billion dollar damages generated by autonomous algorithms to be externalized onto society.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Roman law offers us a far clearer lens: the <em>Peculium<\/em> (a segregated estate intended for the exercise of a business) and the <em>actio institoria<\/em>. Through the <em>actio institoria<\/em>, the principal (<em>dominus negotii<\/em>) held unlimited liability for obligations contracted by the business manager, by virtue of the mere appointment (having inserted him into his own production cycle). The machine is not punished; rather, the one who profits from it (the <em>cheapest cost avoider<\/em>) is held responsible. Translated to 2026, the modern legislator must structure compulsory insurance systems and compensatory guarantee funds: a bound digital <em>peculium<\/em> wherein strict liability is equipped with insurance ceilings proportional to the actual financial volumes moved by neural networks. The modern legislator must look to compulsory insurance systems and guarantee funds (a bound digital <em>peculium<\/em>), where strict liability is inextricably linked to the financial volumes moved by neural networks, internalizing the social costs of innovation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The EU AI Act <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">European Parliament, P9_TA(2024)0138, Artificial Intelligence Act, europa.eu, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> has mapped out risk levels, but the real civil game is played on the field of liability.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"II_%E2%80%93_Product_Liability_and_Deregulation\"><\/span>II &#8211; Product Liability and Deregulation<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The European regulatory review (the Digital AI Omnibus) is not a moment of calm reflection, but the outcome of pressing industrial pushback. The postponement of compliance for high-risk systems to December 2027 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Digital AI Omnibus: Proposed deferral of high risk AI obligations under the AI Act,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> masks a retreat aimed at lightening the burden on enterprises, risking the hollowing out of original safeguards <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The EU AI Act: A Story without a Plot? &#8211; A Lack of Vision in the Digital AI Omnibus Proposal threatens constitutional AI Governance &#8211; ResearchGate,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. However, the irreconcilable asynchrony between industrialists and guarantors led, precisely on April 28, 2026, to the dramatic failure of the political trilogue on the AI Omnibus. Without an agreement, the original August 2026 deadlines remain in force, leaving the industry (especially high-risk systems integrated into regulated products) in a jurisprudential void <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EU AI Act Omnibus: The Trilogue Failed, What Happens to the August 2026 Deadline? &#8211; Modulos, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.modulos.ai\/blog\/ai-act-omnibus-trilogue-failed\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Will this asynchrony collide with the entry into force of the Product Liability Directive (PLD) at the end of 2026?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The repeal of the AILD Directive <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">AI Commission Confirms that SEP Regulation, AI Liability Directive are Officially Scrapped,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> shifts the compensatory burden onto the PLD, which classifies the algorithm as a &#8220;product&#8221; subject to strict liability <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Revised Product Liability Directive &#8211; European Parliament, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2023\/739341\/EPRS_BRI(2023)739341_EN.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. While for consumers the wall of the black box is torn down <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability &#8211; IRIS, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.iris.sssup.it\/bitstream\/11382\/585714\/1\/IUST-STU%282025%29776426-EN.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, an existential crisis looms for the Open Source ecosystem: exposure to million-dollar lawsuits risks triggering an inexorable <em>chilling effect<\/em> on bottom-up innovation <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Product Risks Today: How the new Product Liability Directive turns AI Act compliance into a question of liability &#8211; Freshfields,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The recent &#8220;GNOPPIX Case,&#8221; in which a European volunteer project relocated its servers to Japan precisely to escape the uncertain grip of &#8220;strict liability&#8221; applied to shared code, demonstrates how the PLD risks handing the market exclusively over to mega-vendors capable of absorbing insurance costs <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EU Digital Laws Spark FOSS Liability Fears: The GNOPPIX Case &#8211; LinuxCareers,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Even more naive is the claim to resolve the opacity of humanoid robots in the real world through disclosure obligations and &#8220;continuous physical markers&#8221; (e.g., LEDs or acoustic warnings). As demonstrated by HCI (Human-Computer Interaction), this does not generate awareness, but rather <em>disclosure fatigue<\/em>: users will ignore the signals just as they do with cookie banners. Worse still, it will trigger an <em>Implicit Truth Bias<\/em>: any interaction lacking the marker will be mistakenly deemed safe or &#8220;human,&#8221; leaving users vulnerable to tactical manipulations. Formal compliance is not synonymous with safety by design.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"III_%E2%80%93_The_Return_of_Defensive_Algorithmic_Medicine\"><\/span>III &#8211; The Return of Defensive (Algorithmic) Medicine?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In the healthcare sector, the advent of AI robots promises exceptional progress, but the national legislative framework (Law 132\/2025) reveals structural cracks dictated by the anxiety to preserve anthropocentrism at all costs. Requiring the physician to act as the &#8220;ultimate guarantor&#8221; (Human-in-the-Loop), forcing them to critically evaluate the output of a black box that cross-references millions of clinical parameters in milliseconds, is a legal utopia <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00c8 in vigore la legge italiana sull&#8217;intelligenza artificiale: le implicazioni per il settore sanitario,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. The professional materially lacks the tools to refute the machine&#8217;s probabilistic calculation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The core of the normative friction lies in the short circuit between Art. 7 of Law no. 132\/2025 (which imposes on the doctor the final word on the AI&#8217;s &#8220;non-binding suggestions&#8221;) and the &#8220;double track&#8221; of the Gelli-Bianco Law (Law 24\/2017). The Gelli-Bianco assigns contractual liability to the healthcare facility, leaving the employee physician with extra-contractual tort liability (with the shield of Art. 590-sexies of the Criminal Code valid only in the presence of codified guidelines).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If the Health Directorate mandates the use of an AI Decision Support system to cut costs and increase throughput (e.g., forcing a radiologist &#8220;with AI&#8221; to report Nx3 patients per day instead of N &#8220;without AI&#8221;), the workload falls outside the perimeter of human control. With equal time and human resources, the radiologist cannot physically re-examine the radiological voxels analyzed by the neural network for every single report. In the event of a false negative (for instance, a tumor lesion missed by the AI and endorsed by the doctor due to lack of time), the facility will respond civilly under the hospital contract (<em>contratto di spedalit\u00e0<\/em>), but the physician will suffer the penal and extra-contractual aggression. They will not be able to invoke the shield of Art. 590-sexies of the Criminal Code, since there are currently no consolidated &#8220;clinical-assistance guidelines&#8221; on how and to what extent to interpret the errors of a generative or predictive intelligence.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The risk, driven by potential sanctions for gross negligence <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">AI e odontoiatri: dal 10 ottobre obbligo di informare i pazienti &#8211; Dentista Manager, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dentistamanager.it\/ai-e-odontoiatri-dal-10-ottobre-obbligo-di-informare-i-pazienti\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, is the genesis of Algorithmic Defensive Medicine. Squeezed between the fear of deviating from hospital-certified best practices <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri &#8211; Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bioetica.governo.it\/media\/dpzffvau\/p-157_2026-relazione-di-cura-nellera-della-ia.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> and the impossibility of fully understanding the software, the clinician will develop either a dangerous automation bias (passively validating every error to avoid assuming direct risks) or an obstructive rejection of the technological medium. Even taking into account the interposition of the healthcare facility under the framework of the Gelli-Bianco Law <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Law no. 24\/2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, shifting algorithmic engineering defects onto the personal liability of the physician does not protect the patient; rather, it risks turning professionals into the scapegoats of multinational AI product developers <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132 &#8211; Gazzetta Ufficiale, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/eli\/id\/2025\/09\/25\/25G00143\/sg<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il diritto penale dell&#8217;intelligenza artificiale nella legge 132\/2025: frammentazione sistematica e tensioni costituzionali,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IV_%E2%80%93_Strategic_Realism_and_Dual-Use\"><\/span>IV &#8211; Strategic Realism and Dual-Use<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Finally, the military sector&#8217;s exemption from the logic of the EU AI Act deserves examination. Dismissing it as a &#8220;forcing&#8221; of the Geneva Conventions <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems | United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/disarmament.unoda.org\/en\/our-work\/emerging-challenges\/lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> means ignoring its strategic realism. In an era of global hegemonic competition, binding the European Defense Industrial Base to exhausting human rights assessments would have meant continental tactical suicide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The true paradox is not the absence of rules, but the bureaucratic illusion of being able to cleanly separate &#8220;civilian&#8221; from &#8220;military&#8221; use. AI is inherently Dual-Use. The dispute between Anthropic and the Pentagon is proof of this: faced with defense imperatives, the pacifist clauses of private policies evaporate <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Europe&#8217;s AI Blind Spot: What the Anthropic-Pentagon Dispute Reveals, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/us.boell.org\/en\/2026\/04\/09\/europes-ai-blind-spot-what-anthropic-pentagon-dispute-reveals<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Pentagon blacklisted Anthropic for opposing killer robots. Europe must respond., <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/publication\/the-pentagon-blacklisted-anthropic-for-opposing-killer-robots-europe-must-respond\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Without a stringent global treaty <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Killer Robots: New UN Report Urges Treaty by 2026 | Human Rights Watch, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2024\/08\/26\/killer-robots-new-un-report-urges-treaty-2026<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, decision traceability <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, Art. 36<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> risks remaining an empty shell. The moment European military infrastructures rely on foundational models developed abroad, the idea of maintaining &#8220;meaningful human control&#8221; becomes a legal fiction aimed at justifying the automated kill-chain <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems &amp; International Law: Growing Momentum Towards a New International Treaty &#8211; ASIL, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/asil.org\/insights\/volume-29-issue-1\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"V_%E2%80%93_Conclusions\"><\/span>V &#8211; Conclusions<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The rise of polyvalent and embodied AI compels us to abandon consolatory narratives. The European AI law is not an unshakable ethical beacon, but an imperfect shield forged in geopolitical and industrial emergency. The collar of the Roman slave <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il collare di uno schiavo \u2014 Google Arts &amp; Culture<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> belongs to a past where fault resided in the servant; today, the winning legal paradigm is not the abandonment of the robot, but execution against the corporate <em>peculium<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Only by accepting the inevitability of strict liability, repudiating facade bureaucracies, and protecting human professionals, can we build a sustainable ecosystem. Preventive Legal Design ceases to be a bureaucratic frill and becomes the fundamental strategic asset for companies to govern risk and thrive in the century of synthetic cognition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avvocato Giovanni Paolo Sperti<\/p>\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1412_1();\">Riferimenti e fonti<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1412_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1412_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1412_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Riferimenti e fonti<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU (CFR), Article 1<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Draghi report on EU competitiveness<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jensen Huang Says AGI is Here, and It Can Run Companies Too!, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mitsloanme.com\/article\/jensen-huang-says-agi-is-here-and-it-can-run-companies-too\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Most Important Thing Jensen Huang Said at GTC 2026 Wasn&#8217;t About a Chip &#8211; eWeek, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eweek.com\/news\/nvidia-inference-ai-economy-agents-gtc-2026\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang Claims AGI Achieved: What It Means and Market Impact &#8211; Phemex, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phemex.com\/blogs\/jensen-huang-agi-claims-critics-market-signals<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Spiceworks: Top Three LLMs Compared: GPT-4 Turbo vs. Claude 3 Opus vs. Gemini 1.5 Pro, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.spiceworks.com\/tech\/artificial-intelligence\/articles\/top-llms-compared\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Turk (automaton) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Boston Dynamics Official Website: <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bostondynamics.com\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">European Parliament, P9_TA(2024)0138, Artificial Intelligence Act, europa.eu, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Digital AI Omnibus: Proposed deferral of high risk AI obligations under the AI Act, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/knowledge.dlapiper.com\/dlapiperknowledge\/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments\/2026\/The-Digital-AI-Omnibus-Proposed-deferral-of-high-risk-AI-obligations-under-the-AI-Act<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The EU AI Act: A Story without a Plot? &#8211; A Lack of Vision in the Digital AI Omnibus Proposal threatens constitutional AI Governance &#8211; ResearchGate, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/403079724<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">EU AI Act Omnibus: The Trilogue Failed, What Happens to the August 2026 Deadline? &#8211; Modulos, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.modulos.ai\/blog\/ai-act-omnibus-trilogue-failed\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">AI Commission Confirms that SEP Regulation, AI Liability Directive are Officially Scrapped, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ipwatchdog.com\/2025\/08\/03\/eu-commission-confirms-sep-regulation-ai-liability-directive-officially-scrapped\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Revised Product Liability Directive &#8211; European Parliament, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2023\/739341\/EPRS_BRI(2023)739341_EN.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability &#8211; IRIS, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.iris.sssup.it\/bitstream\/11382\/585714\/1\/IUST-STU%282025%29776426-EN.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Product Risks Today: How the new Product Liability Directive turns AI Act compliance into a question of liability &#8211; Freshfields, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.freshfields.com\/en\/our-thinking\/blogs\/risk-and-compliance\/product-risks-today-how-the-new-product-liability-directive-turns-ai-act-complia-102mpu2<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">EU Digital Laws Spark FOSS Liability Fears: The GNOPPIX Case &#8211; LinuxCareers, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.linuxcareers.com\/resources\/blog\/2026\/01\/eu-digital-laws-spark-foss-liability-fears-the-gnoppix-case-and-wider-impacts\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00c8 in vigore la legge italiana sull&#8217;intelligenza artificiale: le implicazioni per il settore sanitario, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/dirittoesanita.unipv.it\/aggiornamenti\/e-in-vigore-la-legge-italiana-sull-intelligenza-artificiale-le-implicazioni-per-il-settore-sanitario.kl<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">AI e odontoiatri: dal 10 ottobre obbligo di informare i pazienti &#8211; Dentista Manager, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dentistamanager.it\/ai-e-odontoiatri-dal-10-ottobre-obbligo-di-informare-i-pazienti\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri &#8211; Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bioetica.governo.it\/media\/dpzffvau\/p-157_2026-relazione-di-cura-nellera-della-ia.pdf<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Law no. 24\/2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132 &#8211; Gazzetta Ufficiale, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/eli\/id\/2025\/09\/25\/25G00143\/sg<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il diritto penale dell&#8217;intelligenza artificiale nella legge 132\/2025: frammentazione sistematica e tensioni costituzionali, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dirittopenaleglobalizzazione.it\/il-diritto-penale-dellintelligenza-artificiale-nella-legge-132-2025\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems | United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/disarmament.unoda.org\/en\/our-work\/emerging-challenges\/lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Europe&#8217;s AI Blind Spot: What the Anthropic-Pentagon Dispute Reveals, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/us.boell.org\/en\/2026\/04\/09\/europes-ai-blind-spot-what-anthropic-pentagon-dispute-reveals<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Pentagon blacklisted Anthropic for opposing killer robots. Europe must respond., <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/publication\/the-pentagon-blacklisted-anthropic-for-opposing-killer-robots-europe-must-respond\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Killer Robots: New UN Report Urges Treaty by 2026 | Human Rights Watch, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2024\/08\/26\/killer-robots-new-un-report-urges-treaty-2026<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Additional Protocol I to the Geneva Conventions, Art. 36<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems &amp; International Law: Growing Momentum Towards a New International Treaty &#8211; ASIL, <a target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/asil.org\/insights\/volume-29-issue-1\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il collare di uno schiavo \u2014 Google Arts &amp; Culture<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1412_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1412_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1412_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1412_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1412_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1412_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1412_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1412_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1412_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>&#8220;I have run away, hold me. When you have brought me back to my master Zoninus, you shall receive a gold coin,&#8221; read the collar of a Roman slave. Who holds the collar of Artificial Intelligence today? And, above all, does it still make sense to look for one? In this technological interregnum, the European [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1649,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164],"tags":[180,181,179],"class_list":["post-1412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-advocacy","tag-eu-ai-act","tag-regolamento-ia","tag-robotica"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1412"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1823,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1412\/revisions\/1823"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1649"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}