{"id":1412,"date":"2026-04-29T19:19:02","date_gmt":"2026-04-29T17:19:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/?p=1412"},"modified":"2026-05-06T16:04:56","modified_gmt":"2026-05-06T14:04:56","slug":"ia-responsabilita-sintetica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/","title":{"rendered":"La responsabilit\u00e0 sintetica nell&#8217;era dell&#8217;IA"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_87 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-custom ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Indice dell&#039;articolo<\/p>\n<label for=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a99070a185d2\" class=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-label\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseProfile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/label><input type=\"checkbox\"  id=\"ez-toc-cssicon-toggle-item-6a99070a185d2\"  aria-label=\"Toggle\" \/><nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1 ' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#I_%E2%80%93_Il_pragmatismo_del_patrimonio_separato\" >I &#8211; Il pragmatismo del patrimonio separato<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#II_%E2%80%93_Product_liability_e_deregolamentazione\" >II &#8211; Product liability e deregolamentazione<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#III_%E2%80%93_Torna_la_medicina_difensiva_algoritmica\" >III &#8211; Torna la medicina difensiva (algoritmica)?<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#IV_%E2%80%93_Il_realismo_strategico_e_il_dual-use\" >IV &#8211; Il realismo strategico e il dual-use<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/ia-responsabilita-sintetica\/#V_%E2%80%93_Conclusioni\" >V &#8211; Conclusioni<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u201cSono fuggito, tienimi. Quando mi avrai riportato dal mio padrone Zoninus, riceverai la ricompensa di una moneta d\u2019oro\u201d, cos\u00ec recitava il collare di uno schiavo romano. Chi detiene oggi il collare dell&#8217;Intelligenza Artificiale? E, soprattutto, ha ancora senso cercarne uno?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In questo interregno tecnologico, l&#8217;Unione Europea sta conducendo una complessa revisione normativa, spesso etichettata come <em>Lawfare<\/em>. Depurando l&#8217;analisi dai romanticismi di facciata, questa architettura non rappresenta un raccordo armonico o un contrappeso puramente meditativo, bens\u00ec il prodotto di una <strong>netta frizione tra l&#8217;esigenza di preservare la dignit\u00e0 umana<\/strong> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_1');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_1');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_1\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[1]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_1\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Carta dei Diritti Fondamentali dell&#8217;UE (CDFUE), Articolo 1<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_1').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_1', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <strong>e il terrore dell&#8217;obsolescenza strutturale<\/strong> continentale, esplicitato dalle urgenze di competitivit\u00e0 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_2');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_2');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_2\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[2]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_2\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Draghi report on EU competitiveness<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_2').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_2', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il salto epistemologico dalle architetture generative alle Intelligenze Artificiali agentiche (<em>Agentic AI<\/em>) disintegra i tradizionali perimetri dell&#8217;imputabilit\u00e0. Se un&#8217;AGI assume la capacit\u00e0 di scalare e governare asset in totale autonomia <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_3');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_3');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_3\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[3]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_3\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Jensen Huang Says AGI is Here, and It Can Run Companies Too!, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mitsloanme.com\/article\/jensen-huang-says-agi-is-here-and-it-can-run-companies-too\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_3').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_3', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, assistiamo a una <strong>dissociazione radicale tra il capitale e l&#8217;esercizio dell&#8217;impresa<\/strong>. Dinanzi a reti di micro-transazioni neurali capaci di muovere miliardi in frazioni di secondo <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_4');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_4');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_4\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[4]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_4\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Most Important Thing Jensen Huang Said at GTC 2026 Wasn&#8217;t About a Chip &#8211; eWeek, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eweek.com\/news\/nvidia-inference-ai-economy-agents-gtc-2026\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_4').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_4', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, gli amministratori umani si scontrano con una nuova frontiera della <em>culpa in vigilando<\/em>:<strong> l&#8217;impossibilit\u00e0 materiale di monitorare scelte sintetiche iper-rapide e opache<\/strong> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_5');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_5');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_5\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[5]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_5\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang Claims AGI Achieved: What It Means and Market Impact &#8211; Phemex, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phemex.com\/blogs\/jensen-huang-agi-claims-critics-market-signals<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_5').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_5', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In questo scenario, il diritto deve abbandonare le finzioni rassicuranti e guardare in faccia la realt\u00e0 ingegneristica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"I_%E2%80%93_Il_pragmatismo_del_patrimonio_separato\"><\/span>I &#8211; Il pragmatismo del patrimonio separato<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Per decodificare la responsabilit\u00e0 civile dell&#8217;Intelligenza Artificiale incarnata (<em>Embodied AI<\/em>), un balzo a ritroso portava a resuscitare l&#8217;azione nossale (<em>actio noxalis<\/em>). Nel diritto romano, se un <em>servus<\/em> cagionava un danno, il <em>dominus<\/em> poteva liberarsi consegnando il colpevole (l&#8217;abbandono nossale), oppure pagare il danno.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Tuttavia, traslare questo istituto sull&#8217;IA odierna costituisce una pericolosa fallacia ontologica ed economica. Lo schiavo romano, seppur qualificato come <em>res<\/em>, era <strong>biologicamente umano<\/strong>, dotato di <strong>libero arbitrio<\/strong> e, crucialmente, di <em>mens rea<\/em> (<strong>intenzionalit\u00e0<\/strong>). L&#8217;algoritmo, per quanto simuli ragionamenti complessi con punteggi di Q.I. pari a 101 <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_6');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_6');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_6\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[6]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_6\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Spiceworks: Top Three LLMs Compared: GPT-4 Turbo vs. Claude 3 Opus vs. Gemini 1.5 Pro, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.spiceworks.com\/tech\/artificial-intelligence\/articles\/top-llms-compared\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_6').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_6', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, ottimizza funzioni matematiche. Non &#8220;sceglie&#8221; di compiere un illecito. <strong>Trattare l&#8217;IA come uno schiavo equivale a cadere nella trappola del &#8220;Turco Meccanico&#8221;<\/strong> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_7');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_7');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_7\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[7]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_7\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Il_Turco_(automa)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Il Turco (automa) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_7').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_7', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Sotto il profilo economico, ammettere una &#8220;<em>noxae deditio<\/em> sintetica&#8221; \u2013 limitando la responsabilit\u00e0 della <em>corporation<\/em> al mero valore del software o del robot (come i modelli Atlas <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_8');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_8');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_8\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[8]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_8\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Sito Ufficiale Boston Dynamics: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bostondynamics.com\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_8').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_8', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>) \u2013 sarebbe un suicidio sistemico. Permetterebbe di esternalizzare sulla societ\u00e0 i costi di danni multi-miliardari generati da algoritmi autonomi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il diritto romano ci offre una lente ben pi\u00f9 lucida: il <strong>Peculium<\/strong> (un patrimonio separato destinato all&#8217;esercizio d&#8217;impresa) e l&#8217;<em>actio institoria<\/em>. Attraverso l&#8217;azione institoria, il preponente (dominus negotii) rispondeva illimitatamente delle obbligazioni contratte dal gestore dell&#8217;affare, in virt\u00f9 della mera preposizione (l&#8217;averlo inserito nel proprio ciclo produttivo). <strong>Non si punisce la macchina, ma si responsabilizza chi ne trae profitto<\/strong> (il <em>cheapest cost avoider<\/em>). Traslato al 2026, il legislatore moderno deve strutturare sistemi di assicurazione obbligatoria e fondi di garanzia compensativi: un peculium digitale vincolato in cui la strict liability (responsabilit\u00e0 oggettiva) si dota di massimali assicurativi proporzionati ai reali volumi finanziari mossi dalle reti neurali. Il legislatore moderno deve guardare a sistemi di <strong>assicurazione obbligatoria<\/strong> e <strong>fondi di garanzia <\/strong>(un <em>peculium<\/em> digitale vincolato), dove la <em>strict liability<\/em> (responsabilit\u00e0 oggettiva) si lega indissolubilmente ai volumi finanziari mossi dalle reti neurali, internalizzando i costi sociali dell&#8217;innovazione.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#8217;EU AI Act <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_9');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_9');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_9\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[9]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_9\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Parlamento Europeo, P9_TA(2024)0138, Artificial Intelligence Act, europa.eu, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_9').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_9', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> ha mappato i livelli di rischio, ma \u00e8 sul terreno della responsabilit\u00e0 che si gioca la vera partita civile.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"II_%E2%80%93_Product_liability_e_deregolamentazione\"><\/span>II &#8211; Product liability e deregolamentazione<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">La revisione normativa europea (il <em>Digital AI Omnibus<\/em>) non \u00e8 un momento di pacata riflessione, ma l&#8217;esito di un pressante <em>pushback<\/em> industriale. Il rinvio al dicembre 2027 della <em>compliance<\/em> per i sistemi ad alto rischio <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_10\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[10]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_10\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Digital AI Omnibus: Proposed deferral of high risk AI obligations under the AI Act,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_10').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_10', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> maschera un arretramento volto ad <strong>alleggerire gli oneri per le imprese<\/strong>, rischiando di svuotare le tutele originarie <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_11\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[11]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_11\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The EU AI Act: A Story without a Plot? &#8211; A Lack of Vision in the Digital AI Omnibus Proposal threatens constitutional AI Governance &#8211; ResearchGate,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_11').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_11', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Tuttavia, l&#8217;insanabile asincronia tra industriali e i garanti ha portato, proprio il 28 aprile 2026, al drammatico fallimento del trilogo politico sull&#8217;AI Omnibus. Senza un accordo, le scadenze originarie dell&#8217;agosto 2026 restano in vigore, lasciando l&#8217;industria (soprattutto i sistemi ad alto rischio integrati in prodotti regolamentati) in un vuoto giurisprudenziale <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_12');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_12');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_12\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[12]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_12\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EU AI Act Omnibus: The Trilogue Failed, What Happens to the August 2026 Deadline? &#8211; Modulos, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.modulos.ai\/blog\/ai-act-omnibus-trilogue-failed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.modulos.ai\/blog\/ai-act-omnibus-trilogue-failed\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_12').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_12', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Questa asincronia collider\u00e0 con l&#8217;entrata in vigore della <em>Product Liability Directive<\/em> (PLD) a fine 2026?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#8217;abrogazione della Direttiva AILD <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_13\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[13]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_13\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">AI Commission Confirms that SEP Regulation, AI Liability Directive are Officially Scrapped,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_13').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_13', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> sposta il peso risarcitorio sulla PLD, che qualifica l&#8217;algoritmo come &#8220;prodotto&#8221; soggetto a <em>strict liability<\/em> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_14');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_14');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_14\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[14]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_14\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Revised Product Liability Directive &#8211; European Parliament, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2023\/739341\/EPRS_BRI(2023)739341_EN.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_14').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_14', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <strong>Se per i consumatori si abbatte il muro della <em>black box<\/em><\/strong> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_15');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_15');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_15\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[15]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_15\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability &#8211; IRIS, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.iris.sssup.it\/bitstream\/11382\/585714\/1\/IUST-STU%282025%29776426-EN.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_15').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_15', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, <strong>per l&#8217;ecosistema <em>open source<\/em> si profila una crisi esistenziale<\/strong>: l&#8217;esposizione a cause milionarie rischia di innescare un inesorabile chilling effect sull&#8217;innovazione dal basso <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_16\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[16]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_16\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Product Risks Today: How the new Product Liability Directive turns AI Act compliance into a question of liability &#8211; Freshfields,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_16').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_16', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Il recente &#8220;Caso GNOPPIX&#8221;, in cui un progetto volontario europeo ha delocalizzato i propri server in Giappone proprio per sfuggire alla morsa incerta della &#8220;strict liability&#8221; applicata al codice condiviso, dimostra come la PLD rischi di consegnare il mercato in via esclusiva ai mega-vendor in grado di assorbire i costi assicurativi <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_17\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[17]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_17\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">EU Digital Laws Spark FOSS Liability Fears: The GNOPPIX Case &#8211; LinuxCareers,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_17').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_17', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Ancor pi\u00f9 ingenua \u00e8 la pretesa di risolvere l&#8217;opacit\u00e0 dei robot umanoidi nel mondo reale con obblighi di <em>disclosure<\/em> e &#8220;marcatori fisici continui&#8221; (es. LED o avvisi acustici). Come dimostrato dall&#8217;HCI (Human-Computer Interaction), ci\u00f2 non genera consapevolezza, ma <strong>disclosure fatigue<\/strong>: gli utenti ignoreranno i segnali come avviene per i banner dei cookie. Peggio ancora, si innescher\u00e0 un <em>Implicit Truth Bias<\/em>: si riterr\u00e0 erroneamente sicura o &#8220;umana&#8221; qualsiasi interazione priva del marcatore, offrendo il fianco a manipolazioni tattiche. La <em>formal compliance<\/em> non \u00e8 sinonimo di <em>safety by design<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"III_%E2%80%93_Torna_la_medicina_difensiva_algoritmica\"><\/span>III &#8211; Torna la medicina difensiva (algoritmica)?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">In ambito sanitario, l&#8217;avvento dei robot IA promette progressi eccezionali, ma il quadro legislativo nazionale (L. 132\/2025) rivela crepe strutturali dettate dall&#8217;ansia di preservare l&#8217;antropocentrismo a ogni costo. Esigere che il medico funga da &#8220;garante finale&#8221; (<em>Human-in-the-Loop<\/em>), imponendogli di vagliare criticamente l&#8217;output di una <em>black box<\/em> che incrocia milioni di parametri clinici in millisecondi, \u00e8 un&#8217;utopia giuridica <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_18\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[18]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_18\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">\u00c8 in vigore la legge italiana sull&#8217;intelligenza artificiale: le implicazioni per il settore sanitario,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_18').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_18', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. <strong>Il professionista non possiede materialmente gli strumenti per confutare il calcolo probabilistico della macchina<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il cuore della frizione normativa risiede nel cortocircuito tra l&#8217;art. 7 della Legge n.132\/2025 (che impone al medico l&#8217;ultima parola sui &#8220;suggerimenti non vincolanti&#8221; dell&#8217;IA) e il &#8220;doppio binario&#8221; della Legge Gelli-Bianco (L. 24\/2017). La Gelli-Bianco assegna la responsabilit\u00e0 contrattuale alla struttura sanitaria, lasciando al medico dipendente la responsabilit\u00e0 extracontrattuale (con lo scudo dell&#8217;art. 590-sexies c.p. valevole solo in presenza di linee guida codificate).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Se la Direzione Sanitaria impone l&#8217;uso di un sistema di IA di <em>Decision Support<\/em> per abbattere i costi e aumentare il <em>throughput<\/em> (ad es. costringendo un radiologo &#8220;con AI&#8221; a refertare Nx3 pazienti al giorno invece di N &#8220;senza AI&#8221;), la mole di lavoro esula dal perimetro di controllo umano. A parit\u00e0 di tempo e risorse umane, il radiologo non pu\u00f2 fisicamente riesaminare i voxel radiologici analizzati dalla rete neurale per ogni singolo referto. In caso di falso negativo (si pensi, una lesione tumorale mancata dall&#8217;IA e avallata dal medico per mancanza di tempo), la struttura risponder\u00e0 civilmente in forza del contratto di spedalit\u00e0, ma il medico subir\u00e0 l&#8217;aggressione penale ed extracontrattuale. Egli non potr\u00e0 invocare lo scudo dell&#8217;art. 590-sexies c.p., poich\u00e9 non esistono ad oggi &#8220;linee guida clinico-assistenziali&#8221; consolidate <strong>su come e in che misura<\/strong> interpretare gli errori di un&#8217;intelligenza generativa o predittiva.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il rischio, spinto dalle potenziali sanzioni per colpa grave <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_19');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_19');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_19\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[19]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_19\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">AI e odontoiatri: dal 10 ottobre obbligo di informare i pazienti &#8211; Dentista Manager, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dentistamanager.it\/ai-e-odontoiatri-dal-10-ottobre-obbligo-di-informare-i-pazienti\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_19').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_19', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, \u00e8 la genesi della <strong>Medicina Difensiva Algoritmica<\/strong>. Stretto <strong>tra la paura di deviare dalle <em>best practices<\/em> certificate dall&#8217;ospedale<\/strong> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_20');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_20');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_20\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[20]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_20\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri &#8211; Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bioetica.governo.it\/media\/dpzffvau\/p-157_2026-relazione-di-cura-nellera-della-ia.pdf<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_20').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_20', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <strong>e l&#8217;impossibilit\u00e0 di comprendere appieno il software<\/strong>, il clinico svilupper\u00e0 o una pericolosa <em>automation bias<\/em> (convalidando passivamente ogni errore per non assumersi rischi diretti) o un rifiuto ostruttivo del mezzo tecnologico. Pur tenuto conto dell&#8217;interposizione della Struttura sanitaria secondo l&#8217;impianto della Legge Bianco Gelli <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_21');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_21');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_21\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[21]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_21\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">L. n.24\/2017<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_21').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_21', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, traslare difetti di ingegneria algoritmica sulla responsabilit\u00e0 personale del medico non protegge il paziente, ma rischia di trasformare i professionisti nei capri espiatori delle multinazionali sviluppatrici dei prodotti AI <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_22');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_22');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_22\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[22]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_22\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132 &#8211; Gazzetta Ufficiale, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/eli\/id\/2025\/09\/25\/25G00143\/sg<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_22').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_22', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_23\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[23]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_23\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il diritto penale dell&#8217;intelligenza artificiale nella legge 132\/2025: frammentazione sistematica e tensioni costituzionali,&nbsp;&#x2026; <span class=\"footnote_tooltip_continue\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23');\">Continue reading<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_23').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_23', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"IV_%E2%80%93_Il_realismo_strategico_e_il_dual-use\"><\/span>IV &#8211; Il realismo strategico e il dual-use<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Infine, merita una disamina l&#8217;esenzione del settore militare dalle logiche dell&#8217;EU AI Act. Liquidarla come una &#8220;forzatura&#8221; delle Convenzioni di Ginevra <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_24');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_24');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_24\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[24]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_24\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems | United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/disarmament.unoda.org\/en\/our-work\/emerging-challenges\/lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_24').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_24', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> significa ignorarne il realismo strategico. In un&#8217;era di competizione egemonica globale, vincolare la Base Industriale di Difesa Europea a estenuanti valutazioni sui diritti umani avrebbe significato il suicidio tattico continentale.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Il vero paradosso non \u00e8 l&#8217;assenza di regole, ma l&#8217;illusione burocratica di poter separare nettamente l&#8217;uso &#8220;civile&#8221; da quello &#8220;militare&#8221;. L&#8217;IA \u00e8 intrinsecamente <strong>Dual-Use<\/strong>. La disputa tra Anthropic e il Pentagono ne \u00e8 la prova: di fronte agli imperativi della difesa, le clausole pacifiste delle <em>policy<\/em> private evaporano <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_25');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_25');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_25\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[25]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_25\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Europe&#8217;s AI Blind Spot: What the Anthropic-Pentagon Dispute Reveals, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/us.boell.org\/en\/2026\/04\/09\/europes-ai-blind-spot-what-anthropic-pentagon-dispute-reveals<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_25').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_25', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_26');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_26');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_26\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[26]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_26\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">The Pentagon blacklisted Anthropic for opposing killer robots. Europe must respond., <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/publication\/the-pentagon-blacklisted-anthropic-for-opposing-killer-robots-europe-must-respond\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_26').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_26', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>. Senza un trattato globale stringente <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_27');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_27');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_27\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[27]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_27\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Killer Robots: New UN Report Urges Treaty by 2026 | Human Rights Watch, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2024\/08\/26\/killer-robots-new-un-report-urges-treaty-2026<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_27').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_27', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>, la tracciabilit\u00e0 decisionale <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_28');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_28');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_28\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[28]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_28\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">I Protocollo Addizionale delle Convenzioni di Ginevra, art. 36<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_28').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_28', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> rischia di rimanere un guscio vuoto. Nel momento in cui le infrastrutture militari europee si appoggiano su modelli <em>fondazionali <\/em>sviluppati all&#8217;estero, l&#8217;idea di mantenere un &#8220;controllo umano significativo&#8221; diventa una <strong>finzione giuridica<\/strong> volta a giustificare il <em>kill-chain<\/em> automatizzato <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_29');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_29');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_29\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[29]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_29\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems &amp; International Law: Growing Momentum Towards a New International Treaty &#8211; ASIL, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/asil.org\/insights\/volume-29-issue-1\/<\/span><\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_29').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_29', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"V_%E2%80%93_Conclusioni\"><\/span>V &#8211; Conclusioni<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">L&#8217;ascesa dell&#8217;IA polivalente e incarnata ci impone di abbandonare le narrazioni consolatorie. La legge europea sull&#8217;IA non \u00e8 un faro etico incrollabile, ma uno scudo imperfetto forgiato nell&#8217;emergenza geopolitica e industriale. Il collare dello schiavo romano <span class=\"footnote_referrer\"><a role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" onclick=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_30');\" onkeypress=\"footnote_moveToReference_1412_1('footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_30');\" ><sup id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_30\" class=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text\">[30]<\/sup><\/a><span id=\"footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_30\" class=\"footnote_tooltip\">Il collare di uno schiavo \u2014 Google Arts &amp; Culture<\/span><\/span><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> jQuery('#footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_30').tooltip({ tip: '#footnote_plugin_tooltip_text_1412_1_30', tipClass: 'footnote_tooltip', effect: 'fade', predelay: 0, fadeInSpeed: 200, delay: 400, fadeOutSpeed: 200, position: 'top center', relative: true, offset: [-7, 0], });<\/script> appartiene a un passato in cui la colpa risiedeva nel servitore; oggi, il paradigma giuridico vincente non \u00e8 l&#8217;abbandono del robot, ma l&#8217;escussione del <em>peculium<\/em> d&#8217;impresa.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Solo accettando l&#8217;inevitabilit\u00e0 della <em>strict liability<\/em>, ripudiando le burocrazie di facciata e tutelando i professionisti umani, potremo costruire un ecosistema sostenibile. Il <em>Legal Design<\/em> preventivo cessa di essere un orpello burocratico e diviene l&#8217;asset strategico fondamentale per le aziende per governare il rischio e prosperare nel secolo della cognizione sintetica.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Avvocato Giovanni Paolo Sperti<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n<div class=\"speaker-mute footnotes_reference_container\"> <div class=\"footnote_container_prepare\"><p><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_label pointer\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1412_1();\">Riferimenti e fonti<\/span><span role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" class=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button\" style=\"display: none;\" onclick=\"footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1412_1();\">[<a id=\"footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1412_1\">+<\/a>]<\/span><\/p><\/div> <div id=\"footnote_references_container_1412_1\" style=\"\"><table class=\"footnotes_table footnote-reference-container\"><caption class=\"accessibility\">Riferimenti e fonti<\/caption> <tbody> \r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_1');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_1\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>1<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Carta dei Diritti Fondamentali dell&#8217;UE (CDFUE), Articolo 1<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_2');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_2\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>2<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Draghi report on EU competitiveness<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_3');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_3\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>3<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Jensen Huang Says AGI is Here, and It Can Run Companies Too!, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.mitsloanme.com\/article\/jensen-huang-says-agi-is-here-and-it-can-run-companies-too\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_4');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_4\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>4<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Most Important Thing Jensen Huang Said at GTC 2026 Wasn&#8217;t About a Chip &#8211; eWeek, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.eweek.com\/news\/nvidia-inference-ai-economy-agents-gtc-2026\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_5');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_5\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>5<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">NVIDIA CEO Jensen Huang Claims AGI Achieved: What It Means and Market Impact &#8211; Phemex, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/phemex.com\/blogs\/jensen-huang-agi-claims-critics-market-signals<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_6');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_6\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>6<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Spiceworks: Top Three LLMs Compared: GPT-4 Turbo vs. Claude 3 Opus vs. Gemini 1.5 Pro, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.spiceworks.com\/tech\/artificial-intelligence\/articles\/top-llms-compared\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_7');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_7\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>7<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\"><a href=\"https:\/\/it.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Il_Turco_(automa)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Il Turco (automa) &#8211; Wikipedia<\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_8');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_8\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>8<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Sito Ufficiale Boston Dynamics: <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bostondynamics.com\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_9');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_9\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>9<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Parlamento Europeo, P9_TA(2024)0138, Artificial Intelligence Act, europa.eu, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/EN\/TXT\/?uri=CELEX:32024R1689<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_10');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_10\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>10<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Digital AI Omnibus: Proposed deferral of high risk AI obligations under the AI Act, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/knowledge.dlapiper.com\/dlapiperknowledge\/globalemploymentlatestdevelopments\/2026\/The-Digital-AI-Omnibus-Proposed-deferral-of-high-risk-AI-obligations-under-the-AI-Act<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_11');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_11\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>11<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The EU AI Act: A Story without a Plot? &#8211; A Lack of Vision in the Digital AI Omnibus Proposal threatens constitutional AI Governance &#8211; ResearchGate, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/403079724<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_12');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_12\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>12<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">EU AI Act Omnibus: The Trilogue Failed, What Happens to the August 2026 Deadline? &#8211; Modulos, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.modulos.ai\/blog\/ai-act-omnibus-trilogue-failed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.modulos.ai\/blog\/ai-act-omnibus-trilogue-failed\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_13');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_13\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>13<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">AI Commission Confirms that SEP Regulation, AI Liability Directive are Officially Scrapped, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/ipwatchdog.com\/2025\/08\/03\/eu-commission-confirms-sep-regulation-ai-liability-directive-officially-scrapped\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_14');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_14\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>14<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Revised Product Liability Directive &#8211; European Parliament, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.europarl.europa.eu\/RegData\/etudes\/BRIE\/2023\/739341\/EPRS_BRI(2023)739341_EN.pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_15');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_15\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>15<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Artificial Intelligence and Civil Liability &#8211; IRIS, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.iris.sssup.it\/bitstream\/11382\/585714\/1\/IUST-STU%282025%29776426-EN.pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_16');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_16\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>16<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Product Risks Today: How the new Product Liability Directive turns AI Act compliance into a question of liability &#8211; Freshfields, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.freshfields.com\/en\/our-thinking\/blogs\/risk-and-compliance\/product-risks-today-how-the-new-product-liability-directive-turns-ai-act-complia-102mpu2<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_17');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_17\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>17<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">EU Digital Laws Spark FOSS Liability Fears: The GNOPPIX Case &#8211; LinuxCareers, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linuxcareers.com\/resources\/blog\/2026\/01\/eu-digital-laws-spark-foss-liability-fears-the-gnoppix-case-and-wider-impacts\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.linuxcareers.com\/resources\/blog\/2026\/01\/eu-digital-laws-spark-foss-liability-fears-the-gnoppix-case-and-wider-impacts\/<\/span><\/a><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_18');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_18\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>18<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">\u00c8 in vigore la legge italiana sull&#8217;intelligenza artificiale: le implicazioni per il settore sanitario, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/dirittoesanita.unipv.it\/aggiornamenti\/e-in-vigore-la-legge-italiana-sull-intelligenza-artificiale-le-implicazioni-per-il-settore-sanitario.kl<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_19');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_19\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>19<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">AI e odontoiatri: dal 10 ottobre obbligo di informare i pazienti &#8211; Dentista Manager, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dentistamanager.it\/ai-e-odontoiatri-dal-10-ottobre-obbligo-di-informare-i-pazienti\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_20');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_20\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>20<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri &#8211; Comitato Nazionale per la Bioetica, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/bioetica.governo.it\/media\/dpzffvau\/p-157_2026-relazione-di-cura-nellera-della-ia.pdf<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_21');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_21\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>21<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">L. n.24\/2017<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_22');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_22\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>22<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Legge 23 settembre 2025, n. 132 &#8211; Gazzetta Ufficiale, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.gazzettaufficiale.it\/eli\/id\/2025\/09\/25\/25G00143\/sg<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_23');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_23\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>23<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il diritto penale dell&#8217;intelligenza artificiale nella legge 132\/2025: frammentazione sistematica e tensioni costituzionali, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.dirittopenaleglobalizzazione.it\/il-diritto-penale-dellintelligenza-artificiale-nella-legge-132-2025\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_24');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_24\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>24<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lethal Autonomous Weapon Systems | United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/disarmament.unoda.org\/en\/our-work\/emerging-challenges\/lethal-autonomous-weapon-systems<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_25');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_25\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>25<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Europe&#8217;s AI Blind Spot: What the Anthropic-Pentagon Dispute Reveals, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/us.boell.org\/en\/2026\/04\/09\/europes-ai-blind-spot-what-anthropic-pentagon-dispute-reveals<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_26');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_26\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>26<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">The Pentagon blacklisted Anthropic for opposing killer robots. Europe must respond., <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.epc.eu\/publication\/the-pentagon-blacklisted-anthropic-for-opposing-killer-robots-europe-must-respond\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_27');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_27\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>27<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Killer Robots: New UN Report Urges Treaty by 2026 | Human Rights Watch, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2024\/08\/26\/killer-robots-new-un-report-urges-treaty-2026<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_28');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_28\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>28<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">I Protocollo Addizionale delle Convenzioni di Ginevra, art. 36<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_29');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_29\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>29<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Lethal Autonomous Weapons Systems &amp; International Law: Growing Momentum Towards a New International Treaty &#8211; ASIL, <span class=\"footnote_url_wrap\">https:\/\/asil.org\/insights\/volume-29-issue-1\/<\/span><\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n<tr class=\"footnotes_plugin_reference_row\"> <th scope=\"row\" class=\"footnote_plugin_index_combi pointer\"  onclick=\"footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1('footnote_plugin_tooltip_1412_1_30');\"><a id=\"footnote_plugin_reference_1412_1_30\" class=\"footnote_backlink\"><span class=\"footnote_index_arrow\">&#8593;<\/span>30<\/a><\/th> <td class=\"footnote_plugin_text\">Il collare di uno schiavo \u2014 Google Arts &amp; Culture<\/td><\/tr>\r\n\r\n <\/tbody> <\/table> <\/div><\/div><script type=\"text\/javascript\"> function footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1412_1').show(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1412_1').text('\u2212'); } function footnote_collapse_reference_container_1412_1() { jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1412_1').hide(); jQuery('#footnote_reference_container_collapse_button_1412_1').text('+'); } function footnote_expand_collapse_reference_container_1412_1() { if (jQuery('#footnote_references_container_1412_1').is(':hidden')) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1(); } else { footnote_collapse_reference_container_1412_1(); } } function footnote_moveToReference_1412_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } } function footnote_moveToAnchor_1412_1(p_str_TargetID) { footnote_expand_reference_container_1412_1(); var l_obj_Target = jQuery('#' + p_str_TargetID); if (l_obj_Target.length) { jQuery( 'html, body' ).delay( 0 ); jQuery('html, body').animate({ scrollTop: l_obj_Target.offset().top - window.innerHeight * 0.2 }, 380); } }<\/script>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u201cSono fuggito, tienimi. Quando mi avrai riportato dal mio padrone Zoninus, riceverai la ricompensa di una moneta d\u2019oro\u201d, cos\u00ec recitava il collare di uno schiavo romano. Chi detiene oggi il collare dell&#8217;Intelligenza Artificiale? E, soprattutto, ha ancora senso cercarne uno? In questo interregno tecnologico, l&#8217;Unione Europea sta conducendo una complessa revisione normativa, spesso etichettata come [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":1649,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_themeisle_gutenberg_block_has_review":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[164],"tags":[180,181,179],"class_list":["post-1412","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-advocacy","tag-eu-ai-act","tag-regolamento-ia","tag-robotica"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1412","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1412"}],"version-history":[{"count":46,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1823,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1412\/revisions\/1823"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1649"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.studiolegalesperti.it\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}